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Table 2 Effect of radiation on the invasion of cancer cells in Matrigel-coated two-compartment chambers in vitro

From: Effects of radiation on the metastatic process

Cancer cells

 

Radiation

 

Invasion

Molecular

Inhibitor

Ref

Origin

Code

Mode

Dose

IR/Ctrl

   

Glioblastoma

U87MG; LN-18; LN-229

137Cs

6 Gy

5; 3; 3.7

MMP; BcL-2

 

(Wild-Bode et al., 2001)

 

LN-229; U87MG

137Cs

6 Gy

1.5; 1.7

αvβ3 integrin

temozolomide

(Wick et al., 2002)

 

A-172; U-138

240 kV

8 Gy

0.07; 1

  

(Cordes et al., 2003)

 

U251; U373; LN18; LN428

137Cs

5 Gy

1.5; 1

EGFR/Src

 

(Park et al., 2006a)

 

UN3; GM2

nm

6 Gy

2.2; 2.2

IGF-1/Rho

 

(Zhai et al., 2006a)

 

U87

MV

3 Gy

1.7

Wnt/βCTN

XAV939

(Dong et al., 2015a)

 

U251

200 kV

10 Gy

1.3

MMP/TIMP

Paputilone

(Furmanova-Hollenstein et al., 2013)

 

C6L*

137Cs

3 Gy

2

EMT markers

 

(Park et al., 2012)

Meduloblastoma

DA0Y; D283

RS 2000

7 Gy

1.5; 1.5

uPAR; β1/FAK

 

(Nalla et al., 2010)

Neuroblastoma

SH-EP; SK-N-SH; SH-SY5Y; SK-N-AS; NLF

200 kV

6 Gy

4; 2.5; 4; 1; 1

HGF/Met

 

(Schweigerer et al., 2005)

Meningioma

IOMM-Lee

150 kV

5 Gy

1.8

uPAR

 

(Kargiotis et al., 2008)

Pancreatic Ca

Panc-1; Suit-2; Hs766T

137Cs

10 Gy

2.0; 1.6; 1

MMP-2

CGS27023A

(Qian et al., 2002)

 

Panc-1; AsPC-1; Suit-2

137Cs

10 Gy

1.5; 1.3; 1.4

HGF/Met

NK4

(Qian et al., 2003)

 

PANC-1; AsPC-1; BxPC-3; MIAPaCa-2

C-ion

2 Gy

4; 0.5; 0.3; 0.1

MMP2

GM6001

(Fujita et al., 2012)

 

PANC-1

C-ion

2 Gy

2.5

NO/PI3K

Table 1

(Fujita et al., 2014a)

 

AsPC-1, BxPC-3, MIAPaCa-2

C-ion

2 Gy

0.01

Rac1/RhoA

 

(Fujita et al., 2015a)

 

MIA-PaCa; PANC-1

X-ray

4 Gy

3; 1.6

MMP-2

GM6001

(Fujita et al., 2011)

Lung SCC

EBC-1

C-ion

2 Gy

0.6

  

(Akino et al., 2009)

 

EBC-1

4MV

2 Gy

1.2

  

(Akino et al., 2009)

Lung Adenoca

A549

C-ion

2 Gy

0.4

ANLN

 

(Akino et al., 2009)

 

A459

4 MV

2 Gy

0.5

  

(Akino et al., 2009)

 

A459

137Cs

10 Gy

2.5

Bcl-xl/STAT3

 

(Ho et al., 2010a)

 

A549

C-ion

10 Gy

0.2

PI3K/Akt

 

(Ogata et al., 2011)

  

4 Mv

10 Gy

0.5

   
 

A549

60Co

2 Gy

× 1.5

MMPs

 

(Zhou et al., 2012)

 

A459; H1299

MV

4 Gy

0.7; 0.7

TBK1

MG132

(Liu et al., 2014c)

 

A549; HT1299

137Cs

3 × 2 Gy

1.5; 1.5

G-CSF

 

(Cui et al., 2015a)

 

H1299; A459; H460

MV

2 Gy

1.5; 2; 1.2

CXCR4

 

(Gu et al., 2015a)

 

A549

137Cs

10 Gy

×  1.8

EGFR

Gefitinib; PPA

(Cho et al., 2016a)

 

A549; H460

X-ray

4 Gy

×  1.5; ×  1.4

Nrf2/Notch

 

(Parthymou et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2017)

 

LLC-LM*

60Co

7,5 Gy

× 3,5

MMP9

 

(Chou et al., 2012)

Mammary Ca

MCF7

60Co

2 Gy

×  1.4

TGF- β

 

(Zhou et al., 2011a)

 

MCF7; SKBR3

137Cs

3 × 2 Gy

× 5; 4.3

SRC/PI3K

 

(Kim et al., 2015)

 

MCF7

137Cs

5 Gy

× 2

NBS1/HIF-1a

 

(Kuo et al., 2015a)

 

MCF7; MDA-MB-231

 

5 Gy

1.7

TGF- β

Thymoquinone

(Rajput et al., 2015a)

 

MDA-MB-231

 

5 Gy

× 2

  

(Vilalta et al., 2014)

 

MCF7

137 Cs

2 Gy

× 1.6

EMT

histamine

(Galarza et al., 2016)

 

MDA-MB-231,

6 MV

10 Gy

× 2

Met

PHA665752

(De Bacco et al., 2011a)

 

MCF-7

X-ray

20 × 1 Gy

×  5

Snail; twist

 

(Zhang et al., 2011)

 

4 T1*

137Cs

20 Gy

× 3.5

GM-CSF

 

(Vilalta et al., 2014)

Prostatic Ca

PC-3; DU145

6 MV

5 × 2 Gy

×2

PI3K/AKT

BEZ235

(Chang et al., 2013)

Oral Ca

OECM1

137Cs

5 Gy

×  2.4

  

(Kuo et al., 2015a)

Esophageal. .SCC

KYSE-150

150 kV

37 Gy

× 1.3

PTEN

 

(He et al., 2015a)

 

TE-9

125 kV

2 Gy

15

TGF- β

metformin

(Nakayama et al., 2016)

Hepatoma

HepG2; Huh7;

60Co

7.5 Gy

×  3

PI3K

 

(Cheng et al., 2006a)

Colon Ca

CaR1; DLD1

100 kV

5 Gy

6.5; 4.3

EMT

 

(Kawamoto et al., 2012)

 

HCT116

137Cs

4 Gy

× 1.7

MMP

 

(Speake et al., 2005)

 

HT29

137Cs

5 Gy

2

βCTN/TCF

 

(Bastos et al., 2014)

Cervical Ca

Siha; C33A

X-ray

75 Gy

× 3; 3

NF-kB p65

 

(Yan et al., 2013a)

Fibrosarcoma

HT180

proton

2 Gy

0.2

MMP-2

 

(Ogata et al., 2005)

  

C-ion

2 Gy

0.2

MMP-2

  
  

4 MV

2 Gy

× 1.6 or 1

MMP-2

GM6001

 
 

HT1080

137Cs

4 Gy

× 1.5

MMP-2 & 9

 

(Speake et al., 2005)

 

HT180

200 kV

2 Gy

× 1.5

MMP/TIMP

patupilone

(Furmanova-Hollenstein et al., 2013)

Melanoma

B16*

137Cs

8 Gy

× 3

MMP-2

Metastat

(Kaliski et al., 2005)

  1. Most cell lines are human, except cell lines marked by an asterisks which are rodent. Inhibitors comprise agents that were used clinically, namely: BEZ235, an imidazoquinolone derivative and an inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR; CGS27023A, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and anti-metastatic agent; Gefitinib, tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting EGFR; GM6001, a broad -spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor known as galardin; Histamine, a biogenic amine that targets four (H1–H4) histamine subtypes G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR); Metastat, a chemically modified tetracycline and inhibitor of gelatinase and MMP; Metformin, an anti-diabetic; MG132, a specific proteasome inhibitor; NK4, a four-kringle antagonist of hepatocyte growth factor and an angiogenesis inhibitor; Patupilone, a microtubule stabilizing drug; PHA665752, an ATP-competitive small-molecule inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase c-Met; PPA, Podophyllotoxin acetate, a microtubule inhibitor and a spindle poison; temozolomide, an alkylating chemotherapeutic drug; Thymoquinone, a regulator of NF- kB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Abbreviations: Akt, protein kinase B; ANLN, human homologue of anailin; b1, beta1 integrin subunit, b-CTN, beta-catenin; BcL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; BclxL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large; C-ion, carbon-ions; Ca, carcinoma; Co, cobalt; Cs, cesium; Ctrl, unirradiated control; CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; GCSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor; Gy, gray; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor-1; Met, tyrosine-protein kinase Met; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; nm, not mentioned; NO, nitric oxide; Nrf2, Nuclear factor E2 related factor 2; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PPA, Podophyllotoxin acetate; Rho, Ras homolog gene family member; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; Src,sarcoma family kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TBK1, tank-binding kinase 1; TCF, T-cell factor; TGFb, transforming growth factor beta; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase; TGF-b, transforming growth factor beta; uPAR, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor; Wnt, Wingless-related integration site; XAV 939, a selective β-catenin-mediated transcription inhibitor